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Sex and gender differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias
Emerging evidence suggests that primary headaches, classified as trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs), may exhibit sex and gender differences in clinical features, mechanisms, and treatment responses. While epidemiological and clinical gender-specific differences have been widely reported for cluster headache, limited evidence is available for other TACs. In this narrative review, we have analyzed the existing data on the influence of sex and gender on cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks, and hemicrania continua. Given the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine and cluster headache, sex and gender differences in the levels and function of CGRP in preclinical models and patients are reported. Future studies are warranted to elucidate the role of sex and gender in the complex interplay of genetic and neurochemical factors in TACs.
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Attorre S, Burgalassi A, Vigani G, De Cesaris F, Romozzi M, Iannone LF. Sex and gender differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Confinia Cephalal [Internet]. 2024 Oct. 9 [cited 2025 Jun. 25];34(2). Available from: https://www.confiniacephalalgica.com/site/article/view/15775
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